How to Cite an Image | Photographs, Figures, Diagrams
To cite an image, you need an in-text citation and a corresponding reference entry. The reference entry should list:
- The creator of the image
- The year it was published
- The title of the image
- The format of the image (e.g., “photograph”)
- Its location or container (e.g. a website, book, or museum)
The format varies depending on where you accessed the image and which citation style you’re using: APA, MLA, or Chicago.
If you include the image directly in your text as a figure, you’ll usually have to include an appropriate copyright/permissions statement.
Citing an image in APA Style
In an APA Style reference entry for an image found on a website, write the image title in italics, followed by a description of its format in square brackets. Include the name of the site and the URL. The APA in-text citation just includes the photographer’s name and the year.
| APA format | Author last name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Site Name. URL |
|---|---|
| APA reference entry | Reis, L. (2021). Northern cardinal female at Lake Meyer Park IA 653A2079 [Photograph]. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2kNpoXB |
| APA in-text citation | (Reis, 2021) |
The information included after the title and format varies for images from other containers (e.g. books, articles).
When you include the image itself in your text, you’ll also have to format it as a figure and include appropriate copyright/permissions information.
Images viewed in person
For an artwork viewed at a museum, gallery, or other physical archive, include information about the institution and location. If there’s a page on the institution’s website for the specific work, its URL can also be included.
| APA format | Author last name, Initials. (Year). Image title [Format]. Institution Name, Location. URL |
|---|---|
| APA reference entry | Kahlo, F. (1940). Self-portrait with cropped hair [Painting]. Museum of Modern Art, New York City, NY, United States. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/78333 |
| APA in-text citation | (Kahlo, 1940) |
Citing an image in MLA Style
In an MLA Works Cited entry for an image found online, the title of the image appears in quotation marks, the name of the site in italics. Include the full publication date if available, not just the year.
The MLA in-text citation normally just consists of the author’s last name.
| MLA format | Author last name, First name. “Image Title.” Website Name, Day Month Year, URL. |
|---|---|
| MLA Works Cited entry | Reis, Larry. “Northern Cardinal Female at Lake Meyer Park IA 653A2079.” Flickr, 22 Mar. 2021, https://flic.kr/p/2kNpoXB. |
| MLA in-text citation | (Reis) |
The information included after the title and format differs for images contained within other source types, such as books and articles.
If you include the image itself as a figure, make sure to format it correctly.
Images viewed in person
A citation for an image viewed in a museum (or other physical archive, e.g. a gallery) includes the name and location of the institution instead of website information.
| MLA format | Author last name, First name. “Image Title.” Year, Institution Name, City. |
|---|---|
| MLA Works Cited entry | Kahlo, Frida. “Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair.” 1940, Museum of Modern Art, New York. |
| MLA in-text citation | (Kahlo) |
Citing an image in Chicago Style
In Chicago style, images may just be referred to in the text without need for a citation or bibliography entry.
If you have to include a full Chicago style image citation, however, list the title in italics, add relevant information about the image format, and add a URL at the end of the bibliography entry for images consulted online.
| Chicago format | Author last name, First name. Image Title. Month Day, Year. Format. Website Name. URL. |
|---|---|
| Chicago bibliography entry | Reis, Larry. Northern Cardinal Female at Lake Meyer Park IA 653A2079. March 22, 2021. Photograph. Flickr. https://flic.kr/p/2kNpoXB. |
| Chicago footnote | 1. Larry Reis, Northern Cardinal Female at Lake Meyer Park IA 653A2079, March 22, 2021, photograph, Flickr, https://flic.kr/p/2kNpoXB.
2. Reis, Northern Cardinal Female. |
Chicago also offers an alternative author-date citation style. Examples of image citations in this style can be found here.
Images viewed in person
For an image viewed in a museum, gallery, or other physical archive, you can again just refer to it in the text without a formal citation. If a citation is required, list the institution and the city it is located in at the end of the bibliography entry.
| Chicago format | Author last name, First name. Image Title. Year. Format. Institution Name, City. |
|---|---|
| Chicago bibliography entry | Kahlo, Frida. Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair. 1940. Oil on canvas, 40 x 27.9 cm. Museum of Modern Art, New York. |
| Chicago footnote | 1. Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair, 1940, oil on canvas, 40 x 27.9 cm, Museum of Modern Art, New York.
2. Kahlo, Self-Portrait with Cropped Hair. |
Frequently asked questions about citations
- What are the main elements of an image citation?
-
The main elements included in image citations across APA, MLA, and Chicago style are the name of the image’s creator, the image title, the year (or more precise date) of publication, and details of the container in which the image was found (e.g. a museum, book, website).
In APA and Chicago style, it’s standard to also include a description of the image’s format (e.g. “Photograph” or “Oil on canvas”). This sort of information may be included in MLA too, but is not mandatory.
- How do I cite a source with no title?
-
Untitled sources (e.g. some images) are usually cited using a short descriptive text in place of the title. In APA Style, this description appears in brackets: [Chair of stained oak]. In MLA and Chicago styles, no brackets are used: Chair of stained oak.
For social media posts, which are usually untitled, quote the initial words of the post in place of the title: the first 160 characters in Chicago, or the first 20 words in APA. E.g. Biden, J. [@JoeBiden]. “The American Rescue Plan means a $7,000 check for a single mom of four. It means more support to safely.”
MLA recommends quoting the full post for something short like a tweet, and just describing the post if it’s longer.
- Which citation style should I use?
-
Check if your university or course guidelines specify which citation style to use. If the choice is left up to you, consider which style is most commonly used in your field.
- APA Style is the most popular citation style, widely used in the social and behavioral sciences.
- MLA style is the second most popular, used mainly in the humanities.
- Chicago notes and bibliography style is also popular in the humanities, especially history.
- Chicago author-date style tends to be used in the sciences.
Other more specialized styles exist for certain fields, such as Bluebook and OSCOLA for law.
The most important thing is to choose one style and use it consistently throughout your text.
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2022, June 28). How to Cite an Image | Photographs, Figures, Diagrams. Scribbr. Retrieved November 27, 2023, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/cite-an-image/
